[40] However, Radical politicians took up the task at the state level. The theme of the season relates to the two major groups, Shadow and Ghost, along with the theme of gold and spies. But more important, maybe, is that this image of Reconstruction was a political image as well. [57][62][65] Yet hundreds of thousands of freed slaves died during emancipation from illness that devastated army regiments. In 1995, Robert Whaples took a random survey of 178 members of the Economic History Association, who studied American history in all time periods. GROSS: Are there any specific issues that we face today that you think we can't really understand unless we understand Reconstruction and the period where the South passed the Jim Crow laws and other laws limiting civil rights after Reconstruction? The Southern delegation included Confederate Vice President Alexander H. Stephens, John Archibald Campbell, and Robert M. T. Hunter. While many enslaved people were illiterate, educated Blacks (including fugitive slaves) moved down from the North to aid them, and natural leaders also stepped forward. That view that blacks were ignorant, childlike or manipulated by these carpetbaggers who came from the North, scalawags who were white Southerners who joined up with the Republican Party and allied with the former slaves - the view that this was a period of corruption and misgovernment originated during the time itself in the propaganda of opponents of Reconstruction and then was written into the history books for a long, long part of the 20th century. But Reconstruction ends, and then the South starts to - southern states start to bring in - to introduce legislation in their states that limits voting rights, that, you know, Jim Crow laws that divide the country, divide the South into white and black schools and fountains and places. BIANCULLI: Our guest is historian Eric Foner. The project to make voters out of black men was not so much for their social elevation as for the further punishment of the Southern white peopleâfor the capture of offices for Radical scamps and the entrenchment of the Radical party in power for a long time to come in the South and in the country at large. The main feature of the Southern economy changed from an elite minority of landed gentry slaveholders into a tenant farming agriculture system. You know, he laid down the anti-civil arguments which get repeated over and over again through, you know, much of the rest of our history. [165], In addition to fighting for African American civil rights, Grant wanted to reconcile with white southerners, out of a spirit of Appomattox. However, the fears of the mostly conservative planter elite and other leading white citizens were partly assuaged by the actions of President Johnson, who ensured that a wholesale land redistribution from the planters to the freedmen did not occur. The plan successfully started the Reconstruction process of ratifying the Thirteenth Amendment in all states. [21] When freed, many made official marriages. While the colored men did not look with favor upon a political alliance with the poor whites, it must be admitted that, with very few exceptions, that class of whites did not seek, and did not seem to desire such an alliance. [73] Such children were generally used as sources of unpaid labor. Meanwhile, "Redeemers", self-styled conservatives in close cooperation with a faction of the Democratic Party, strongly opposed Reconstruction. State revenues came from fees and from sales taxes on slave auctions. The White League was active in Louisiana.
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